A verbal code is a set of rules about the use of words in the creation of messages (Lustig & Koester, 1999), whether spoken or written. All verbal codes are culturally prescribed and are learned by members of the culture. Additionally verbal codes are symbolic, that is they have understood meanings for objects, actions, and thoughts that they represent. Finally, verbal language is guided by two types of rules: constitutive rules, which tell us how to recognize speech acts (what we intend for language to do) and regulative rules, which are used to help us identify the appropriateness of speech acts in various contexts.
There are five sets of rules that combine to create a verbal code or language. They are phonology, morphology, semantics, syntactics, and pragmatics.
Definition of five rules
Phonology - the basic sound units of a language are phonemes and these are distinctive for various cultures. Phonology is the study of how phonemes are combined. In the English language there are approximately 45 phonemes.
Morphology - phonemes combine to form morphemes which are the smallest units of meaning in a language. 45 phonemes generate over 50 million morphemes - words and parts of words. (Prefixes, suffixes, possessive forms, etc.) These are meaning units.
Semantics - refers to the study of the meaning of words - vocabulary. There are two types of meaning: Denotative - dictionary meaning - public, objective, and legal meanings while Connotative - are personal, emotionally charged, private, and specific to individuals.
Syntactics - examines the relationship of words to one another. How words are combined into phrases or sentences. Word order helps establish meanings.
Pragmatics - is the effect of language on human perceptions and behaviors. How is language actually USED - how does it function - what does it do?
Verbal Symbols
-refers to the sounds that comprise the spoken words.
Voice- raw sound produced when your breath makes the vocal cords vibrate.
Speech- process of shaping or molding into words the sound of your voice and the energy of your breath through your speech organs.
-vocalized form of communication.
“Voice can exist without Speech, but Speech cannot exist without Voice.”
Four Kinds of English Sounds
Vowels
-sound made with your mouth open and your tongue in the middle of your mouth not touching your teeth, lips, etc.
-voiced sound produced when the outgoing breath is uninterrupted because there is no attempt to block it.
Consonants
-a sound that is made by partly or completely stopping the flow of air breathed out from the mouth.
-sound produced when there is an attempt to block the speech tract by means of any of the speech organs such as lips, tongue, teeth and velum.
Consonants may be:
Stops- complete blocking of the air with an explosive release of breath stream.
Fricatives- partial blocking
Affricates- combination of one stop and one fricative
Nasals- complete blocking of the mouth passage, air passing through the nose.
Lateral- air passing at both sides of the tongue
Semivowels- vowel-like sounds behaving like consonants, air freely flowing despite the narrowed speech tract.
Diphthongs
-also known as GLIDING VOWEL
-produced when two vowel sounds joined in one syllable to form a single sound.
Syllabic Consonants
Not accompanied in the same syllable by a vowel.
Intonation and Stress
Intonation- it is the rise and fall of your voice, particularly when you speak.
Types of Intonation
Rising Intonation-Used in yes-no question, ordinary counting number (except the last one), saying word in series (except the last one ), echo sentence.
Example: (intonation at big letter)
Are you GOING WITH THEM?
onE, twO, thREE…
She’s COMING?
Falling Intonation
-Often use in short command and in counting off.
Example: (intonation at small letter)
CANcel it.
onE, twO, thREE…
Rising-Falling Intonation
-Used in declaratives information question and long commands or requests.
Example: (intonation at big word)
What did you SAY to her?
Where will you GO?
Stress- is the especial emphasis given to a particular syllable, words, etc., particularly in speaking. It is the force given to a syllable to make it more prominent than the surrounding words.
A syllable might be more prominent by differing from the surrounding syllables in the terms of:
Loudness
Pitch
Length
The stress placed on syllables within words is called word stress or lexical stress.
Which means it is the stress placed or given syllable in a word and the position of lexical stress in a word may depend on a certain general rules.
We cannot just put stress in a particular word. Stress may also depends on how a word can be pronounced.
Rules of Word Stress in English
One word has only one stress.
We can only stress vowels, not consonant
Stress on 1st syllable
Rule Example
Most 2-syllable noun PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble, ACcent, PEOple
Most 2-syllable objectives CLEver, HAPpy, SLENder
Stress on last syllable
Rule ExampleMost 2-syllable Verbs to decide, to begin, to contest
-there are many two syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. For example, the word PRESENT it is a two syllable word if you stress the first syllable it becomes noun which means gift but if we stress the second syllable it becomes verb which means “to offer”.
Basically the meaning of the word will depends on the stress.
Stress on penultimate syllable
-Penultimate means a second from end
Rule Example
Words ending –ic geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic
Words ending –sion teleVIsion, reveLAtion
Stress on ante-penultimate syllable
-ante-penultimate means third from end
Rule Example
Words ending –cy –ty –phy –gy deMOcracy, dependABIlity, phoTOgraphy,
Compound Words
-words with two parts
Rule Example
For compound nouns the stress BLACKbird, GREENhouseis on the first part
For compound adjective thestress is on the second part bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned
Myra Ednalyn Estigoy
ADVINCULA, ERROL L. BSED-MT 2-1D
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