Types of Speeches

Types of Speeches

Memorization and manuscript

Memorized speeches are delivered after extensive rehearsal and memorization.

Generally, the speaker writes a speech and attempts to recite it word for word, leaving little room for adaptation. Memorization is considered the most difficult mode, and it is not recommended for novice speakers. Reading a manuscript of a speech gives the speaker the advantage of not omitting vital information and staying focused, but it takes away from other important aspects, such as eye contact. Impromptu speeches work well for quick-thinking speakers, but they leave open the possibility of losing focus or disorganization.

_Impromptu

_{This speech delivered “on the spot” with no preparation at all. For instance, an impromptu speech is delivered when you are asked to give a message at a party like a despedida or buenvenida party}

_{Extemporaneous}

_{Extemporaneous is a speech with preparation. You may deliver it with an outline or some notes. This kind of speech is usually use when you speak persuasively or informatively about current events and politics.}

Jennifer Guevara 

Roby Mejorada

“ INTERVIEW ”

                                           “ INTERVIEW ”

An interview is a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given In common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation with one person acting in the role of the interviewer and the other in the role of the interviewee.                                      

 Different Types of Interviews

Formal? Informal? Panel? Telephone? .... Getting ready for an interview? Take a read of these different types of interviews and make sure you're ready for you're next time to impress.

So you’ve got your foot in the door and it’s time to shine at your first interview. All you have to do now is prepare. Easy! If you know how…

                 

The more you know about the style of the interview, the better you can prepare.

Screening Interview

Before you even get asked in for an interview, you might receive an initial phone call from the employer. It could be one of their Human Resources people wanting to ask you a series of questions that will help them decide if they want to bring you in for a face-to-face discussion. So be alert and on your best behaviour when your phone rings.

Selection Interviews

 

Selection interviews are typically conducted onsite at the hiring company. The purpose of a selection interview is to determine whether a candidate will be selected for the position he or she is interviewing for. A selection interview is typically more rigorous than a screening interview. At this point, a company is trying to decide whether or not you should either be moved to the next step in the hiring process or an offer is going to be extended, so there will be more scrutiny than with a screening interview. The company wants to know - Are you qualified for the job? Are you a good cultural fit? Can you make an immediate impact, or will you need extensive training? Questions will be more specific and your answers will need to be more detailed.

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The Telephone Interview

Often companies request an initial telephone interview before inviting you in for a face to face meeting in order to get a better understanding of the type of candidate you are. The one benefit of this is that you can have your notes out in front of you. You should do just as much preparation as you would for a face to face interview, and remember that your first impression is vital. Some people are better meeting in person than on the phone, so make sure that you speak confidently, with good pace and try to answer all the questions that are asked.
 

The Face-to-Face Interview

This can be a meeting between you and one member of staff or even two members.
 

The Panel Interview

These interviews involve a number of people sitting as a panel with one as chairperson. This type of interview is popular within the public sector.
 

The Group Interview

Several candidates are present at this type of interview. You will be asked to interact with each other by usually a group discussion. You might even be given a task to do as a team, so make sure you speak up and give your opinion.
 

The Sequential Interview

These are several interviews in turn with a different interviewer each time. Usually, each interviewer asks questions to test different sets of competencies. However, if you are asked the same questions, just make sure you answer each one as fully as the previous time.
 

The Lunch / Dinner Interview

This type of interview gives the employer a chance to assess your communication and interpersonal skills as well as your table manners! So make sure you order wisely (no spaghetti Bolognese) and make sure you don’t spill your drink (non-alcoholic of course!).

All these types of interviews can take on different question formats, so once you’ve checked with your potential employer which type of interview you’ll be attending, get preparing!

 

Here’s a list of interview formats that you should prepare your answers for;
 

Competency Based Interviews

These are structured to reflect the competencies the employer is seeking for the particular job. These will usually be detailed in the job spec so make sure you read it through, and have your answers ready for questions such as “Give me an example of a time you worked as a team to achieve a common goal.” For more examples of competency based questions click here.
 

Formal / Informal Interviews

Some interviews may be very formal, others may be very informal and seem like just a chat about your interests. However, it is important to remember that you are still being assessed, and topics should be friendly and clean!
 

Portfolio Based Interviews

In the design / digital or communications industry it is likely that you will be asked to take your portfolio along or show it online. Make sure all your work is up to date without too little or too much. Make sure that your images if in print are big enough for the interviewer to see properly, and always test your online portfolio on all Internet browsers before turning up.
 

The Second Interview

You’ve past the first interview and you’ve had the call to arrange the second. Congratulations! But what else is there to prepare for? You did as much as you could for the first interview! Now is the time to look back and review. You maybe asked the same questions you were asked before, so review them and brush up your answers. Review your research about the company; take a look at the ‘About Us’ section on their website, get to know their client base, search the latest news on the company and find out what the company is talking about.
 

General Interview Preparation

Here’s a list of questions that you should consider your answers for when preparing…

• Why do you want this job?
• Why are you the best person for the job?
• What relevant experience do you have?
• Why are you interested in working for this company?
• What can you contribute to this company?
• What do you know about this company?
• What challenges are you looking for in a position?
• Why do you want to work for this company?
• Why should we hire you?
• What are your salary requirements?

Ever experienced an interview not listed above? Have a story to tell about an interesting interview you've been on? Let us know by commenting below!

If you've found these helpful, please take a look at our other interview related blogs!

                   

Job interviewing never seems to get any easier - even when you have gone on more interviews than you can count. You are always meeting new people, having to sell yourself and your skills, and often getting the third degree about what you know or don't know. And, you have to stay upbeat and enthusiastic throughout each interview. That said, there are ways to make a job interview much less stressful. Invest a little time prior to the interview and it will be much easier to handle.

7 Interview Tips That Will Help You Get the Job Here are job interview tips to help prepare you to interview effectively.

Proper preparation will help alleviate some of the stress involved in job interviews and the more you prepare, the more comfortable and successful you will be interviewing.

1. Practice answering interview questions and practice your responses to the typicaljob interview questions and answers most employers ask. Think of concrete examples you can use to highlight your skills. Providing evidence of your successes is a great way to promote your candidacy. Also have a list of your own questions to ask the employer ready.

 2. Research Do your homework about the employer and the industry so you are ready for the question What do you know about this company? Know the interviewer's name and use it during the job interview. If you're not sure of the name, call and ask prior to the interview. Try to relate what you have learned about the company when answering questions.

3. Get Ready Make sure your interview attire is neat, tidy and appropriate for the type of firm you are interviewing with. Bring a nice portfolio with copies of your resume. Include a pen and paper for note taking.

4. Be On Time Be on time for the interview. On time means five to ten minutes early. If need be, take some time to drive to the interview location ahead of time so you know exactly where you are going and how long it will take to get there. Here's more onpreparing for an interview.

5. Stay Calm During the job interview try to relax and stay as calm possible. Remember that your body language says as much about you as your answers to the questions. Proper preparation will allow you to exude confidence. Take a moment to regroup. Maintain eye contact with the interviewer. Listen to the entire question (active listening) before you answer and pay attention - you will be embarrassed if you forget the question. Check out these tips for avoiding job interview stress to help stay calm. Also review our interview tips for introverts.

6. Show What You Know Try to relate what you know about the company when answering questions.  When discussing your career accomplishments match them to what the company is looking for. Use examples from your research when answering questions, “I noticed that when you implemented a new software system last year, your customer satisfaction ratings improved dramatically. I am well versed in the latest technologies from my experience with developing software at ABC, and appreciate a company who strives to be a leader in its industry.” Here's how to make a match between your expertise and the company's requirements.

7. Follow Up Always follow-up with a thank you note reiterating your interest in the position. You can also include any details you may have forgotten to mention during your interview. If you interview with multiple people send each one a personal thank you note. Send your thank you note (email is fine) within 24 hours of your interview.

Ethical Issues in Interviews

These notes are based on good practice as identified in a survey of Ethics Proposals to the College.

·         It is important that procedures for interviews are laid out in writing, and are clearly explained to interviewees before interviews proceed. It is expected that interviewees will be supplied with the written version of these procedures.

·         Interviewees have to be happy with the location of the interview, and should be offered alternatives (public/private).

·         The interviewer should be aware of issues involving his/her own safety when undertaking an interview. Contact details of places visited on the day of each interview should be left with a friend or colleague.

·         Confidentiality is an important concern. Interviewees should not normally be named (unless their permission has been explicitly sought, and this should only be done where a name is essential for the pursuit of the research in question).

·         Permission. Any recorded contribution, in written form, on tape etc., or in notes taken from the interview by the interviewer, should be used in accordance with the wishes of the interviewee. If possible, interviewees should give their assent in writing and if this is not possible an explanation must be given. If material is to be published or preserved as a public resource, then permission will need to be explicitly given, preferably in writing.

Mark Kevin Geraldez

Nhel Alfred Abogado

Queenie Eloise Jimenes

Delfin Juanson III

John Raphael Dagcutan 

Group Discussion

Group Discussion

Let us first define the word group and discussion. According to Merriam Webster dictionary, group is defined as a number of people or things that are together or in a same place, or a number of people who are connected by some shared activity, interest, or quality. While discussion means the act of talking about something about something with another person or a group of people: a conversation about something. Summing up the meaning of two words, group discussion means the exchange of ideas or opinion between a group of people.

Now, group discussion can be classified in to two:

1.) Topic based

            a. Factual

            b. Abstract

            c. Controversial

2.) Case study based

TOPIC BASED

In topic based, the group is given a topic to be further discussed. Perhaps a grouping in the classroom is facilitated by a professor and was given a topic which is about Greek mythology, the group then, is to have a research about the given topic that is to be presented in front of a class.

a.      Factual topics are about practical things, which an ordinary person is aware of in his day-to-day life. Typically these are about socio-economic topics. These can be current, i.e. they may have been in the news lately, or could be unbound by time. A factual topic for discussion gives a candidate a chance to prove that he is aware of and sensitive to his environment

b.      Abstract topics are about intangible things. These topics are not given often for discussion, but their possibility cannot be ruled out. These topics test your lateral thinking and creativity.

c. Controversial topics can lead to an argument, they’re argumentative in nature. They are meant to generate controversy and at the same time, judge the analytical skills of the participant to see if he/ she can think rationally, without any bias and arrive at a harmonious conclusion.

CASED BASED STUDY

In the topic based study, the class was given a topic to be discussed but in the case based study, the group was given a scenario for the discussion. All the information needed regarding the situation is given and the group are asked for the possible solutions.

The case based study simulates a real-life situation this tests the decision making of a person on how he/she will respond on the situation. The objective in the case study is to get you to think about the situation from various angles.

Grace Ann Nagal

Kenneth Mamauag

DO’S AND DON’TS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING

DO’S AND DON’TS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING

(TALK SHOW)

Do’s:

·         Do decide for the purpose of your talk really. What is the "take-home" message you want to give your audience? It should be organize accordingly.

·         Do prepare for your talk that will fit within the time limit you're given. That includes allowing the audience to ask you questions.

·         Do show some energy. If you're not excited about your topic, so why should the audience be?

·         Do stand properly and always face your audience. If you turn back, your audience may lose their focus. If you have your slides, then stand beside it to avoid blockings.

·         Do speak loudly enough to be heard by the entire audience, even those in the back row.

·         Do answer their questions as briefly as possible. Remember, that there may be only one person in the audience interested in a specific answer.

·         Do remember that "I don't know" is a perfectly good answer. You don’t need to go into a five-minute explanation of why you don't know. If you're working on answering the question, just say that.

Don’ts

Planning Your Talk

·         Don't forget that studies show an audience can remember only three or four things you present in a talk.

·         Don't distract from your message by including peripheral topics or excessive arcane detail.

·         Don't forget that any lecture is a performance: you must work to get your message across.

Some Basics

·         Don't keep jumping back and forth through your slides. Either reorganize your talk to avoid this or duplicate the needed slide in the second place where it fits.

·         Don't start to change a slide, then stop halfway. Either change it or leave it.

·         Don't fidget nervously in front of your audience. Make your movements and gestures purposeful.

·         Don't stick your hands in your pockets, hook your thumbs under your belt, or engage in other creative diversions.

Words, Phrases, etc.

·         Don't start sentences with "So."

·         Don't end sentences with "right?" or "OK?"

·         Don't apologetically introduce a topic with "Just real quick," "Briefly," or similar words. What that tells your audience is that "this isn't really important or relevant, but I'm going to inflict it on you anyway."

Laser Pointers

·         Don't wave the laserpointer all over the screen as you talk. You're going to give your audience a headache as their eyes jerk all around their heads trying to keep up.

·         Don't use a laser pointer to point to text. Your audience is as capable of reading as you are. Do you still run your finger under the words as you read? Neither do they.

Questions

·         Don't use a question as an excuse to bring up the dozen slides you cut out of your talk in order to meet the time limit you were given.

·         Don't go rummaging through your slides to answer a question unless it is absolutely necessary (and it usually isn't).

·         Don't hold "private conversations" with questioners in the front rows. Make sure everyone in the audience knows what the question is (repeat it if necessary) and can hear and understand the answer.

ADDITIONAL TIPS FOR THE DO'S AND DON'TS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING:

·         Posture

Don't Don't slump over.

Do Straighten up your body and maintain your posture while speaking.

·         Gestures

Don't Don't make too many gestures and irrelevant gestures from what you are saying.

Do Minimize your gestures and do the appropriate gestures based on what you are saying.

·         Fidgeting

Don't Don't fidget in front of your audience.

Do Stand still and relax your body.

·         Speaking

Don't Don't eat your words while speaking.

Do Speak your words clearly and loudly enough for your audience to hear.

Use of "ahm" and "so"

Don't Don't use "ahm" and "so" too frequently in your speech.

Do Minimize their use and use "so" only for giving a conclusion statement.

·         Pause

Don't Don't make a very long pause between your speech.

Do Use pause to control your breathing and a long enough pause to give anticipation to your audience on hearing what you have to say next.

·         Nervousness

Don't Do not be overtaken by your nervousness.

Do It is most wise to prepare yourself adequately before your public speaking in able to gain confidence and assurance that you'll make it successful.

Baguiwan, Hazel

Briggs, Daryl                                

Buac, Marvy Lyn

Colegio, Michelle Anne

Ellan Mae Bayno

Verbal Code

Verbal Code

A verbal code is a set of rules about the use of words in the creation of messages (Lustig & Koester, 1999), whether spoken or written. All verbal codes are culturally prescribed and are learned by members of the culture. Additionally verbal codes are symbolic, that is they have understood meanings for objects, actions, and thoughts that they represent. Finally, verbal language is guided by two types of rules: constitutive rules, which tell us how to recognize speech acts (what we intend for language to do) and regulative rules, which are used to help us identify the appropriateness of speech acts in various contexts.
There are five sets of rules that combine to create a verbal code or language. They are phonology, morphology, semantics, syntactics, and pragmatics.
Definition of five rules
Phonology - the basic sound units of a language are phonemes and these are distinctive for various cultures. Phonology is the study of how phonemes are combined. In the English language there are approximately 45 phonemes.
Morphology - phonemes combine to form morphemes which are the smallest units of meaning in a language. 45 phonemes generate over 50 million morphemes - words and parts of words. (Prefixes, suffixes, possessive forms, etc.) These are meaning units.
Semantics - refers to the study of the meaning of words - vocabulary. There are two types of meaning: Denotative - dictionary meaning - public, objective, and legal meanings while Connotative - are personal, emotionally charged, private, and specific to individuals.
Syntactics - examines the relationship of words to one another. How words are combined into phrases or sentences. Word order helps establish meanings.
Pragmatics - is the effect of language on human perceptions and behaviors. How is language actually USED - how does it function - what does it do?

Verbal Symbols
-refers to the sounds that comprise the spoken words.
Voice- raw sound produced when your breath makes the vocal cords vibrate.
Speech- process of shaping or molding into words the sound of your voice and the energy of your breath through your speech organs.
-vocalized form of communication.
“Voice can exist without Speech, but Speech cannot exist without Voice.”

Four Kinds of English Sounds
Vowels
-sound made with your mouth open and your tongue in the middle of your mouth not touching your teeth, lips, etc.
-voiced sound produced when the outgoing breath is uninterrupted because there is no attempt to block it.
Consonants
-a sound that is made by partly or completely stopping the flow of air breathed out from the mouth.
-sound produced when there is an attempt to block the speech tract by means of any of the speech organs such as lips, tongue, teeth and velum.

Consonants may be:
Stops- complete blocking of the air with an explosive release of breath stream.
Fricatives- partial blocking
Affricates- combination of one stop and one fricative
Nasals- complete blocking of the mouth passage, air passing through the nose.
Lateral- air passing at both sides of the tongue
Semivowels- vowel-like sounds behaving like consonants, air freely flowing despite the narrowed speech tract.

Diphthongs
-also known as GLIDING VOWEL
-produced when two vowel sounds joined in one syllable to form a single sound.
Syllabic Consonants
Not accompanied in the same syllable by a vowel.
Intonation and Stress
Intonation- it is the rise and fall of your voice, particularly when you speak.

Types of Intonation

Rising Intonation
-Used in yes-no question, ordinary counting number (except the last one), saying word in series (except the last one ), echo sentence.
Example: (intonation at big letter)
Are you GOING WITH THEM?
onE, twO, thREE…
She’s COMING?
Falling Intonation
-Often use in short command and in counting off.
Example: (intonation at small letter)
CANcel it.
onE, twO, thREE…
Rising-Falling Intonation
-Used in declaratives information question and long commands or requests.
Example: (intonation at big word)
What did you SAY to her?
Where will you GO?
Stress- is the especial emphasis given to a particular syllable, words, etc., particularly in speaking. It is the force given to a syllable to make it more prominent than the surrounding words.
 A syllable might be more prominent by differing from the surrounding syllables in the terms of:
Loudness
Pitch
Length
The stress placed on syllables within words is called word stress or lexical stress.
Which means it is the stress placed or given syllable in a word and the position of lexical stress in a word may depend on a certain general rules.
We cannot just put stress in a particular word. Stress may also depends on how a word can be pronounced.
Rules of Word Stress in English
One word has only one stress.
We can only stress vowels, not consonant
Stress on 1st syllable
Rule    Example
Most 2-syllable noun  PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble, ACcent, PEOple
Most 2-syllable objectives CLEver, HAPpy, SLENder
Stress on last syllable
Rule    ExampleMost 2-syllable Verbs  to decide, to begin, to contest
-there are many two syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. For example, the word PRESENT it is a two syllable word if you stress the first syllable it becomes noun which means gift but if we stress the second syllable it becomes verb which means “to offer”.
 Basically the meaning of the word will depends on the stress.
Stress on penultimate syllable
-Penultimate means a second from end
Rule     Example
Words ending –ic   geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic
Words ending –sion   teleVIsion, reveLAtion
Stress on ante-penultimate syllable
-ante-penultimate means third from end
Rule     Example
Words ending –cy –ty –phy –gy deMOcracy, dependABIlity, phoTOgraphy,
Compound Words
-words with two parts
Rule     Example
For compound nouns the stress BLACKbird, GREENhouseis on the first part
For compound adjective thestress is on the second part  bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned

Myra Ednalyn Estigoy
ADVINCULA, ERROL L. BSED-MT 2-1D